% Options for packages loaded elsewhere \PassOptionsToPackage{unicode}{hyperref} \PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url} \documentclass[ 11pt, ]{article} \usepackage{xcolor} \usepackage[margin=22mm]{geometry} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb} \setcounter{secnumdepth}{-\maxdimen} % remove section numbering \usepackage{iftex} \ifPDFTeX \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{textcomp} % provide euro and other symbols \else % if luatex or xetex \usepackage{unicode-math} % this also loads fontspec \defaultfontfeatures{Scale=MatchLowercase} \defaultfontfeatures[\rmfamily]{Ligatures=TeX,Scale=1} \fi \usepackage{lmodern} \ifPDFTeX\else % xetex/luatex font selection \fi % Use upquote if available, for straight quotes in verbatim environments \IfFileExists{upquote.sty}{\usepackage{upquote}}{} \IfFileExists{microtype.sty}{% use microtype if available \usepackage[]{microtype} \UseMicrotypeSet[protrusion]{basicmath} % disable protrusion for tt fonts }{} \makeatletter \@ifundefined{KOMAClassName}{% if non-KOMA class \IfFileExists{parskip.sty}{% \usepackage{parskip} }{% else \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} \setlength{\parskip}{6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt}} }{% if KOMA class \KOMAoptions{parskip=half}} \makeatother \usepackage{graphicx} \makeatletter \newsavebox\pandoc@box \newcommand*\pandocbounded[1]{% scales image to fit in text height/width \sbox\pandoc@box{#1}% \Gscale@div\@tempa{\textheight}{\dimexpr\ht\pandoc@box+\dp\pandoc@box\relax}% \Gscale@div\@tempb{\linewidth}{\wd\pandoc@box}% \ifdim\@tempb\p@<\@tempa\p@\let\@tempa\@tempb\fi% select the smaller of both \ifdim\@tempa\p@<\p@\scalebox{\@tempa}{\usebox\pandoc@box}% \else\usebox{\pandoc@box}% \fi% } % Set default figure placement to htbp \def\fps@figure{htbp} \makeatother \setlength{\emergencystretch}{3em} % prevent overfull lines \providecommand{\tightlist}{% \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} \usepackage{bookmark} \IfFileExists{xurl.sty}{\usepackage{xurl}}{} % add URL line breaks if available \urlstyle{same} \hypersetup{ hidelinks, pdfcreator={LaTeX via pandoc}} \author{} \date{} \begin{document} \section{Cauchy data from jumps and residues}\label{cauchy-data-from-jumps-and-residues} A boundary value contains several normal derivatives. They form a weighted vector: taking another normal derivative costs one Sobolev order. The central construction below acts on this entire vector. Its leading symbol separates the modes entering the interior from the modes entering the exterior; its full operator is a projection up to a smooth kernel. Establishing that last assertion requires control of distributions at the boundary, beyond a calculation of eigenvalues. This lesson treats smooth elliptic differential operators of arbitrary positive integer order on complex bundles of arbitrary common finite rank. It neither assumes a scalar factorization nor prescribes the number of boundary equations. The subsequent Fredholm theorem for complementing boundary problems is a separate unit. The analytic prerequisites are \href{stable-boundary-models.pdf}{Stable modes and the algebra of boundary data}, Sections 1--3, for matrix ODE modes; \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage}, Sections 10--13, for ordinary transmission and all layer traces; and \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates}, Sections 5--6, 11 and 13, for properly supported bundle operators, two-sided parametrices and Sobolev bounds. We also use finite-dimensional linear algebra, smooth partitions of unity, Fourier inversion, distributional differentiation, smooth local flows and inverse functions, compactness, and the fundamental theorem of calculus. The projection is constructed directly from these tools; the later boundary Fredholm argument and all-real-order Poisson estimates are separate. \subsection{1. The weighted space of boundary jets}\label{the-weighted-space-of-boundary-jets} Let \(X\) be a compact smooth manifold with boundary \(Y\), let \(E,F\to X\) be complex smooth bundles of common rank \(N\), and let \[ P:C^\infty(X;E)\longrightarrow C^\infty(X;F) \tag{CD1} \] be differential, elliptic, and of order \(m\geq1\). Ellipticity means that its principal symbol \(p(x,\xi):E_x\to F_x\) is invertible for every nonzero real covector. Sections here are ordinary bundle sections. Choose a positive smooth density and Hermitian metrics for norms and distributional duality; these choices do not change the operator convention. Fix an inward collar coordinate \(t\geq0\) and an identification of the bundles in the collar with pullbacks from \(Y\), constructed in Section 4. Write \(D_t=-i\partial_t\). The Cauchy vector and its Sobolev space are \[ \gamma u=(\gamma_0u,\ldots,\gamma_{m-1}u),\qquad \gamma_ku=(D_t^ku)|_{t=0+},\qquad \mathcal H_s(Y;E)=\bigoplus_{k=0}^{m-1}H^{s-k-1/2}(Y;E|_Y). \tag{CD2} \] The space \(\bar H^s(X^\circ;E)\) is the space of restrictions of \(H^s\) sections on a neighborhood, with quotient norm. In particular \(\bar H^0=L^2\). Equivalent finite chart constructions give the same spaces, by Section 11 of \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates}. For completeness the trace estimate needed here is a Fourier calculation. If \(r>k+1/2\), Cauchy--Schwarz in the normal frequency \(\tau\) gives \[ \left|\int\tau^k\widehat w(\eta,\tau)\,d\tau\right|^2 \leq C_{r,k}\langle\eta\rangle^{2k+1-2r} \int\langle(\eta,\tau)\rangle^{2r}|\widehat w(\eta,\tau)|^2\,d\tau. \tag{CD3} \] Indeed the integral of \(|\tau|^{2k}\langle(\eta,\tau)\rangle^{-2r}\) is finite precisely in the indicated range. The substitution \(\tau=\langle\eta\rangle z\) gives \[ C_{r,k}=\int_{\mathbb R}|z|^{2k}(1+z^2)^{-r}\,dz, \qquad \int_{\mathbb R}|\tau|^{2k}\langle(\eta,\tau)\rangle^{-2r}\,d\tau =C_{r,k}\langle\eta\rangle^{2k+1-2r}. \] \textbf{Editorial restoration of the Fourier factors.} In a collar chart of dimension \(n=\dim X\), use the convention \(\widehat w(\eta,\tau)=\int e^{-i(y\cdot\eta+t\tau)}w(y,t)\,dy\,dt\), the exact trace formula is \[ \widehat{\gamma_kw}(\eta)=\frac1{2\pi}\int_{\mathbb R}\tau^k\widehat w(\eta,\tau)\,d\tau. \] For the squared Sobolev norm in dimension \(d\), retain the factor \((2\pi)^{-d}\). Multiplying (CD3) by \((2\pi)^{-(n-1)}(2\pi)^{-2}\langle\eta\rangle^{2r-2k-1}\) and integrating in \(\eta\) gives \[ \|\gamma_kw\|_{H^{r-k-1/2}(\mathbb R^{n-1})}^2 \leq\frac{C_{r,k}}{2\pi}\|w\|_{H^r(\mathbb R^n)}^2. \tag{CD3a} \] Thus every Fourier factor is present in the trace estimate. For \(n=1\), the tangential integral is over \(\mathbb R^0\) with measure one, so the same calculation gives the point trace. The estimate also makes the trace independent of the extension: a smooth function vanishing on \(t>0\) has zero trace there, and approximation in \(H^r\) gives the same assertion for an extension difference. One can see the approximation directly by translations away from the boundary followed by convolution, first for compact charts; the Fourier translation factors converge to one and are uniformly bounded. Partitions and bundle frames finish the proof. Thus \(\gamma:\bar H^s\to\mathcal H_s\) is continuous for \(s>m-1/2\), in particular for every \(s\geq m\). The different orders in (CD2) are essential. An entry taking the \(l\)-th jet to the \(k\)-th jet must have order \(k-l\) to preserve this scale. This statement defines the weight convention we will use; no general theorem about weighted systems is being invoked. \subsection{2. Division in the normal derivative}\label{division-in-the-normal-derivative} Let \(B_j:C^\infty(X;E)\to C^\infty(Y;G_j)\), \(1\leq j\leq J\), be boundary differential operators of total orders \(m_j\); the ranks of the bundles \(G_j\) may differ. There are boundary differential operators \(B'_j,C_j\) such that \[ B_j=B'_j+C_jP,\qquad \operatorname{ord}_t B'_j0\), and the negative space uses \(\operatorname{Im}\lambda<0\). All derivatives of positive modes decay exponentially as \(t\to+\infty\), and conversely a bounded mode has no negative component. This proof includes multiple roots and nontrivial Jordan blocks. The definition does not depend on the representative \(\xi\). If \(\xi' =\xi+a n\), then \(w(t)=e^{-iat}v(t)\) satisfies \((\xi'+D_tn)w=e^{-iat}(\xi+D_tn)v\). The boundary evaluations in (CD9) agree, and boundedness is unchanged. If \(n'=c n\), \(c>0\), use \(w(t)=v(t/c)\); then \(cD_tw\) is the pullback of \(D_tv\), and again the maps agree. Tangential coordinate changes transport \(\xi\) and all homogeneous symbols by the cotangent map. Frame changes multiply the equation and boundary values by invertible fiber maps. These operations preserve bijectivity. A different normal jet convention produces a triangular invertible transformation on the Cauchy vectors, with the corresponding tangential degrees; it therefore gives the same intrinsic test. For a smoothly varying nonzero tangential covector, the companion matrix varies smoothly. Locally choose contours separating its upper and lower spectra; the resolvent integral gives smooth projections. These local projections agree by spectral uniqueness, so the stable spaces form bundles over the nonzero tangential cotangent space, homogeneous after the jet rescaling. The earlier formulation said that their ranks ``need not be imposed as \(mN/2\)''. The exact qualification is dimension dependent: the reflection proof in Section9 forces half rank in dimension at least three. In dimension two the two rays can have different complementary ranks, as the first worked model shows. When \(\dim X=1\), there is no nonzero tangential covector and this microlocal test is empty; the actual boundary Cauchy space is finite dimensional. We do not manufacture a half-rank conclusion in that case. \subsection{4. A neighborhood where the calculus is available}\label{a-neighborhood-where-the-calculus-is-available} We justify the geometric extension rather than assume an invertible double. A smooth inward transverse vector field near \(Y\) is obtained by combining inward coordinate vector fields with a partition of unity. Its local flow gives a map \(Y\times[0,\epsilon)\to X\). Its differential at \(t=0\) is invertible, so the inverse-function theorem gives local collars. A uniform \(\epsilon>0\) exists by compactness. Injectivity after shrinking follows as well: otherwise two colliding flow points with times tending to zero have a common limiting boundary point, where local injectivity contradicts the collision. After rescaling we use a single collar coordinate \(t\). Choose a smooth connection on each bundle by patching the local trivial connections. Parallel transport along each collar segment solves a linear ODE with invertible fundamental solution; smooth dependence on its parameters gives an isomorphism between the bundle and the pullback of its boundary restriction. This constructs the normal derivative in (CD2). Attach \(Y\times(-\epsilon,0)\) to obtain an open manifold \(\widehat X\) containing \(X\), and extend each collar bundle by this pullback. Smooth coefficients extend across the boundary. One explicit local argument prescribes the boundary jets \(a_k(y)=\partial_t^ka(y,0)\) on the negative side by \(\sum_{k\geq0}a_k(y)t^k\chi(\lambda_kt)/k!\), with \(\chi=1\) near zero. Choose \(\lambda_k\to\infty\) so that the \(k\)-th summand, for \(k>2r\), is at most \(2^{-k}\) in the first \(r\) derivatives on each of the first \(r\) fixed compact sets. The factor \(t^k\) permits this choice for every fixed derivative order below \(k\). The resulting series has the prescribed jets and is smooth on the negative side through zero; use the original coefficient on the positive side. Finite partitions and frame transitions extend the operator, without requiring the coefficients of different frames to be extended inconsistently: extend each localized differential operator and sum it. The extended principal symbol remains invertible after shrinking the added collar. Indeed its smallest singular value has a positive minimum on the unit cotangent sphere above the compact boundary; continuity preserves a positive lower bound nearby. We obtain an elliptic differential extension, still denoted \(P\), on \(\widehat X\). \subsubsection{4.1. Prescribing every original boundary jet}\label{prescribing-every-original-boundary-jet} We supply the details of the extension used in Section 4 of the Cauchy-data lesson. Keep its original compact smooth manifold \(X\), boundary \(Y\), bundles \(E,F\) of common rank \(N\), differential operator \(P\) of order \(m\geq1\), inward time coordinate and convention \(D_t=-i\partial_t\). No invertible operator on a closed double is assumed or constructed. First work in a boundary chart with tangential domain \(O\subset\mathbb R^{n-1}\). The following construction applies to any sequence \(a_k\in C^\infty(O;\mathbb C^{q\times p})\), with its given matrix norm, including the actual sequence \[ a_k(y)=\partial_t^ka(y,0),\qquad k=0,1,\ldots . \tag{CJ1} \] Choose a fixed smooth compactly supported function \(\chi\) on \(\mathbb R\), equal to one on a neighborhood of zero, and retain a number \(R>0\) with \(\operatorname{supp}\chi\subset[-R,R]\). Such cutoffs are constructed with every endpoint constant in the finite-calculus lesson, Section 13.10. Choose compact sets \(K_1\subset K_2\subset\cdots\subset O\) whose interiors cover \(O\). They can be obtained from the compact exhaustion in (MG1)--(MG3); no bound for the jets outside these compact sets is imposed. Set \(K_0=K_1\). For \(j\geq0\), a tangential multi-index \(\beta\), and \(k\geq0\), the full product derivative of an actual proposed summand is \[ \begin{split} \partial_y^\beta\partial_t^j \left(\frac{a_k(y)t^k\chi(\lambda t)}{k!}\right) &= (\partial_y^\beta a_k)(y) \sum_{\ell=0}^{\min(j,k)} \binom j\ell\frac{t^{k-\ell}}{(k-\ell)!} \lambda^{j-\ell}\chi^{(j-\ell)}(\lambda t),\\ \sup_{K_r\times\mathbb R} \left\|\partial_y^\beta\partial_t^j \left(\frac{a_k(y)t^k\chi(\lambda t)}{k!}\right)\right\| &\leq \|\partial_y^\beta a_k\|_{K_r}\lambda^{j-k} \sum_{\ell=0}^{\min(j,k)} \binom j\ell\frac{R^{k-\ell}}{(k-\ell)!} \|\chi^{(j-\ell)}\|_\infty,\qquad\lambda\geq1 . \end{split} \tag{CJ2} \] For the estimate, each displayed summand vanishes unless \(|t|\leq R/\lambda\). No factorial, power of \(R\), derivative of \(\chi\), or binomial coefficient has been absorbed or omitted. Let \(D_{k,r}\) be the maximum, over all \(|\beta|+j\leq r\), of the product of the coefficient bound and the entire finite sum on the last line of (CJ2), using \(K_{\max(1,r)}\) for \(r=0\). Each \(D_{k,r}\) is finite. Set \(\lambda_0=1\), and for \(k\geq1\) choose the actual number \[ \lambda_k= 1+\max\left\{1,k,\ \max_{0\leq r\leq\lfloor(k-1)/2\rfloor} (2^kD_{k,r})^{1/(k-r)}\right\}. \tag{CJ3} \] This single choice works for every required compact set and derivative order: if \(k>2r\) and \(|\beta|+j\leq r\), then \[ \sup_{K_{\max(1,r)}\times\mathbb R} \left\|\partial_y^\beta\partial_t^j \left(\frac{a_k(y)t^k\chi(\lambda_kt)}{k!}\right)\right\| \leq D_{k,r}\lambda_k^{r-k}\leq2^{-k}. \tag{CJ4} \] Here \(j-k\leq r-k<0\) and \(\lambda_k\geq1\). The estimate includes \(D_{k,r}=0\); the first two entries in the maximum still give a positive choice. Define the entire series in the original variable \(t\): \[ B(y,t)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{a_k(y)t^k\chi(\lambda_kt)}{k!}. \tag{CJ5} \] For each \(r\), all derivatives of total order at most \(r\) of the tail \(k>2r\) converge uniformly on \(K_{\max(1,r)}\times\mathbb R\), and their full bound is \(\sum_{k=2r+1}^{\infty}2^{-k}=2^{-2r}\). For a larger fixed compact set, take a larger \(r\) also exceeding the required derivative order; its exhaustion set contains that compact set. The remaining finitely many summands are smooth. The uniform differentiation theorem of the finite-calculus lesson, Section 13.7, therefore proves that \(B\) is smooth and that all these series are its actual mixed derivatives. For each \(t\ne0\), the series is even locally finite: \(\lambda_k>k\) forces its \(k\)-th summand to vanish when \(k>R/|t|\). Because each \(\chi(\lambda_kt)\) is identically one near zero, evaluating the termwise derivative there gives exactly \[ \partial_y^\beta\partial_t^j B(y,0) =\partial_y^\beta a_j(y). \tag{CJ6} \] For \(kj\) a positive power of \(t\) remains; for \(k=j\) its factorial cancels precisely and gives \(a_j\). All positive derivatives of the cutoff at zero vanish. Thus (CJ5) prescribes an arbitrary smooth sequence of tangential boundary jets, not just a finite list. For the actual coefficient \(a(y,t)\) on \(t\geq0\), keep it unchanged and define \[ \widehat a(y,t)= \begin{cases} a(y,t),&t\geq0,\\ B(y,t),&t<0. \end{cases} \tag{CJ7} \] Every mixed derivative on the two sides has the same continuous boundary value by (CJ1) and (CJ6). These values prove smoothness of the pasted function, not merely formal equality of jets. Indeed integrate its proposed continuous normal derivative along an interval crossing zero, separately on each side and add the two oriented integrals. The fundamental theorem of calculus gives the normal derivative at zero as well. Tangential differentiation on \(t=0\) differentiates the common smooth function \(a_0(y)\). Repeat this argument for each proposed mixed derivative; induction proves all orders and their continuity. The result equals the whole original coefficient on its positive domain. If all \(a_k\) have support in one compact tangential set \(K\Subset O\), every summand and the entire \(B\) have that same support. A fixed additional tangential cutoff equal to one near \(K\) therefore introduces no missing boundary jet. Multiplying the negative-side extension by a fixed normal cutoff equal to one near zero also preserves every jet. These are the support facts used when extending localized differential operators below. \subsubsection{4.2. Constructing one globally injective inward collar}\label{constructing-one-globally-injective-inward-collar} Choose finitely many boundary charts covering \(Y\). Let \(s_a\geq0\) be their original inward coordinate, and let \(V_a\) be the corresponding inward coordinate vector field. A finite smooth partition \(\phi_a\), with compact supports inside these charts and sum one on a neighborhood of \(Y\), gives the actual field \[ V=\sum_a\phi_a V_a . \tag{CJ8} \] Such partitions are constructed by compactly supported chart cutoffs divided by their positive finite sum, with all denominator derivatives given by (BG1)--(BG2). At a boundary point any inward conormal \(\ell\) satisfies \(\ell(V_a)>0\) for every active chart. The positive direction of the one-dimensional normal quotient is unchanged by a smooth boundary chart change; its two inward defining-coordinate differentials differ there by a positive factor. Hence \(\ell(V)=\sum_a\phi_a\ell(V_a)>0\). This proves transversality of the actual patched field. To apply the open-domain flow theorem near a boundary point, extend the coordinate coefficients of this same field locally across \(s_a=0\) by (CJ7). The extensions change no positive-side coefficient or boundary derivative. Shrink the coordinate neighborhood so that \(\partial_Vs_a\geq c_a>0\), with its actual \(c_a\), and so that a compact smaller boundary neighborhood lies inside it. The full original nonlinear flow theorem (NF1)--(NF21) gives a common small existence interval for this compact set. On it the fundamental theorem of calculus gives \[ s_a(\Phi_t(y))=\int_0^t (\partial_Vs_a)(\Phi_\tau(y))\,d\tau \geq c_at,\qquad 0\leq t\leq\epsilon_a . \tag{CJ9} \] The bounded-vector-field estimates in (NF1)--(NF3) keep these trajectories within the chosen chart on this time interval. Thus they stay on the original side and lie in the interior for \(t>0\). Different local negative extensions produce the same positive trajectories: on that side they solve the same original equation and have the same initial value, so the uniqueness theorem identifies them on their common interval. A finite cover of compact \(Y\) gives one \(\epsilon_0>0\). Smooth parameter dependence proves the smooth map \(\Phi(y,t)=\Phi_t(y)\) on \(Y\times[0,\epsilon_0)\). At the boundary its differential is the exact map \[ d\Phi_{(y,0)}:T_yY\oplus\mathbb R\longrightarrow T_yX, \qquad (w,a)\longmapsto w+aV(y). \tag{CJ10} \] It is bijective because \(V(y)\) is transverse. Applying the original inverse theorem (IV1)--(IV10) to the local extended map proves a local diffeomorphism, and restricting to \(t\geq0\) gives a local collar. In finitely many smaller boundary neighborhoods, continuity of the differential gives a common positive time interval on which it remains invertible. All restrictions concern the same original \(\Phi\); no rescaling or replacement of its time variable or field is used. Global injectivity after a further shrinking has a direct compactness proof. If it failed on every interval \([0,1/j)\) contained in the existing one, there would be distinct \((y_j,t_j)\) and \((z_j,u_j)\), with \(0\leq t_j,u_j<1/j\), having equal images. Extract convergent subsequences of both boundary sequences, with limits \(y,z\in Y\). Continuity and equality of the images give \(y=z\). Both parameter points then lie, for all large \(j\), in the same inverse-function neighborhood of \((y,0)\). Its injectivity contradicts their distinctness. Therefore some \(0<\epsilon<\epsilon_0\) gives an injective local diffeomorphism on all of \(Y\times[0,\epsilon)\). Its image is a relative open neighborhood of \(Y\) in \(X\); its local smooth inverse agrees on overlaps by injectivity. This is the required global collar with the exact original inward time. \subsubsection{4.3. Bundle transport and the actual ambient manifold}\label{bundle-transport-and-the-actual-ambient-manifold} On each of \(E\) and \(F\), use a finite chart partition on \(X\) to patch the local trivial connections: \[ \nabla=\sum_a\psi_a\nabla^{(a)},\qquad \nabla(fs)=df\otimes s+f\nabla s,\qquad\sum_a\psi_a=1. \tag{CJ11} \] The last equality verifies the Leibniz rule in the middle formula, so the sum is a connection on the original bundle. In a frame along a collar segment, let \(A(y,t)\) be its connection matrix evaluated on the actual \(V\). Parallel transport and its inverse satisfy \[ Y'=-AY,\quad Y(y,0)=I_N,\qquad Z'=ZA,\quad Z(y,0)=I_N,\qquad ZY=YZ=I_N. \tag{CJ12} \] The complete ordered integral, parameter derivative, uniqueness and inverse calculations (NF6)--(NF10) apply to these original coefficients. They prove smoothness in \(y,t\) and every required finite collection of compact bounds. No scalar exponential or commutation of matrix factors is used. To check the fiber map, if the old frame components equal \(T\) times the new components, direct differentiation of that equality gives \(A^T=T^{-1}AT+T^{-1}\partial_tT\). The transformed fundamental matrix is \[ Y^T(y,t)=T(\Phi(y,t))^{-1}Y(y,t)T(y). \tag{CJ13} \] The product rule proves its equation and its initial value; uniqueness proves that it is the constructed transport in the new frame. For a second frame change \(R\), the full composite map is \[ R(\Phi(y,t))^{-1}T(\Phi(y,t))^{-1}Y(y,t)T(y)R(y) =(T(\Phi(y,t))R(\Phi(y,t)))^{-1} Y(y,t)(T(y)R(y)). \tag{CJ13a} \] This gives the actual ordered cocycle separately for \(E\) and for \(F\). These maps therefore glue and give smooth fiber isomorphisms \(\mathcal T^E_{y,t}:E_y\to E_{\Phi(y,t)}\) and \(\mathcal T^F_{y,t}:F_y\to F_{\Phi(y,t)}\). Their constructed inverses give the inverse bundle identifications. They are precisely the identifications with the two pullback bundles used to define the normal derivatives in (CD2). Attach \(Y\times(-\epsilon,0)\) by this collar. More explicitly, take the quotient of \(X\sqcup(Y\times(-\epsilon,0])\) identifying \((y,0)\) with its original boundary point. Its charts are the original interior charts and product charts on \(Y\times(-\epsilon,\epsilon)\), using \(\Phi\) on the positive part. They agree smoothly because \(\Phi\) is the original collar diffeomorphism. They make a manifold without boundary \(\widehat X\) containing the original \(X\). The quotient is Hausdorff. Distinct points in the interior of either side have disjoint original neighborhoods; an interior point can also be separated from the other side by a neighborhood away from the seam. Two points on the seam are separated using disjoint boundary neighborhoods and their two-sided product neighborhoods. A seam point and an interior point are separated by shrinking a product neighborhood about the seam point. These neighborhoods form the quotient topology. Countable original atlases on \(X\) and \(Y\), together with countable interval bases in the product charts, give a countable base. Thus no separation or countability property is assumed for an unidentified gluing. Use the pullbacks of \(E|_Y,F|_Y\) on the negative product and the actual maps \(\mathcal T^E,\mathcal T^F\) on the positive product. Their chart transitions and (CJ13) satisfy the complete smooth bundle cocycle. The quotient bundle construction (BG3)--(BG6) gives the two smooth extended bundles \(\widehat E,\widehat F\), retaining the original ones over \(X\). We continue to use their original names in the receiving lesson. \subsubsection{4.4. Extending every differential coefficient with its support}\label{extending-every-differential-coefficient-with-its-support} Choose a finite smooth partition on \(X\) subordinate to smaller bundle and coordinate charts, with each support compactly contained in its chart. Write the exact localized operator as an output multiplication: \[ P=\sum_a\psi_a P,\qquad \psi_a P=\sum_{|\alpha|\leq m}A_{a,\alpha}(y,t)D^\alpha . \tag{CJ14} \] Both bundles keep their original, possibly different, frames; \(A_{a,\alpha}\) maps the local \(E\) component fiber to the local \(F\) component fiber. The convention \(D^\alpha=(-i)^{|\alpha|}\partial^\alpha\) and every original coefficient are retained. Since the partition multiplies the output, no derivative of \(\psi_a\) has been dropped from a different operator \(P\psi_a\). For a chart meeting the boundary, the normal jets of every coefficient in (CJ14) are compactly supported in one tangential set inside that chart. Extend each full matrix coefficient by (CJ1)--(CJ7), including every lower-order term. Multiply the negative-side extension by fixed chart cutoffs equal to one on a neighborhood of this support and of \(t=0\). Their constant values there preserve every original jet. Extending by zero across the artificial chart edges is smooth, because these cutoffs and the compact tangential supports vanish on neighborhoods of those edges. This defines a differential operator on the extended bundles using its chosen local frames; outside that chart it is zero. An interior localized operator already vanishes near \(Y\) and extends by zero on the negative collar. Sum the finitely many extended localized operators. On \(X\) this sum is exactly \(\sum_a\psi_aP=P\), and along \(Y\) every coefficient jet agrees with the original one. On overlaps, each localized term is an actual differential map between the extended bundles, so their sum is one intrinsic operator \(\widehat P:C^\infty(\widehat X;\widehat E)\to C^\infty(\widehat X;\widehat F)\). We have not tried to extend the coefficient tables in two different frames independently and then declare them equal. The frame transitions act on these actual local operators with all their product-rule terms, while their positive restrictions are the original localized maps. The same jet construction extends the original smooth density and the original Hermitian and cotangent metrics near \(Y\). Their positivity persists after a shrinking, because on compact \(Y\) their smallest eigenvalues have positive minima. This argument concerns the entire extended matrices; it does not discard their off-diagonal entries or replace the original positive-side metrics. \subsubsection{4.5. The full ellipticity bound and the receiving boundary distributions}\label{the-full-ellipticity-bound-and-the-receiving-boundary-distributions} In the original collar identifications, let \[ \widehat p(y,t,\xi) =\sum_{|\alpha|=m}\widehat A_\alpha(y,t)\xi^\alpha, \qquad \widehat p(y,0,\xi)=p(y,0,\xi). \tag{CJ15} \] These are the full ordered matrix principal symbols of the summed operators. Let the subscript \(0\) on a norm denote the original norm at \(t=0\), transported only for this comparison by the fixed collar identifications. The boundary unit cotangent sphere and unit \(E\)-fiber sphere are compact. Original ellipticity and continuity therefore give an actual \(\mu>0\) such that \(\|p(y,0,\xi)e\|_{F,0}\geq\mu\|\xi\|_{\xi,0}^m\|e\|_{E,0}\) for every boundary covector and fiber vector. For nonzero covectors and vectors this follows from their unit-sphere values by the full degree-\(m\) homogeneity and linearity; at zero it is the displayed zero bound. Over finitely many compact collar charts the fundamental theorem of calculus retains every coefficient difference: \[ \begin{split} \widehat p(y,t,\xi)-p(y,0,\xi) &=\sum_{|\alpha|=m} \left(\int_0^t\partial_s\widehat A_\alpha(y,s)\,ds\right) \xi^\alpha,\\ \|(\widehat p(y,t,\xi)-p(y,0,\xi))e\|_{F,0} &\leq C|t|\|\xi\|_{\xi,0}^m\|e\|_{E,0}. \end{split} \tag{CJ16} \] Here one may take \(C\) to be the maximum over those charts of \(\sum_{|\alpha|=m} \sup\|\partial_s\widehat A_\alpha\|_{E,0\to F,0} \sup_{\|\xi\|_{\xi,0}=1}|\xi^\alpha|\). Both suprema are taken over the actual compact chart families. The sum, all original monomials and the original matrix map norms remain. No assertion of ellipticity of each localized partition term is needed. Choose \(0<\delta<\epsilon\) such that \(C\delta\leq\mu/2\); if \(C=0\), any smaller positive \(\delta\) works. The triangle inequality now gives \[ \|\widehat p(y,t,\xi)e\|_{F,0} \geq(\mu-C|t|)\|\xi\|_{\xi,0}^m\|e\|_{E,0} \geq\frac\mu2\|\xi\|_{\xi,0}^m\|e\|_{E,0}, \qquad -\delta0,C_E>0,C_\xi>0\). Their existence follows by continuity and positivity on the corresponding compact original unit spheres. Equation (CJ17) consequently retains the bound in the actual extended metrics: \[ \|\widehat p(y,t,\xi)e\|_{F,t} \geq\frac{c_F}{C_EC_\xi^m} (\mu-C|t|)\|\xi\|_{\xi,t}^{\,m}\|e\|_{E,t}. \tag{CJ18} \] Thus the comparison norms used to prove persistence have not replaced the original working metrics. On the positive side the extended operator is still exactly the given elliptic \(P\). Restrict the ambient manifold to \(X^\circ\cup(Y\times(-\delta,\epsilon))\); it contains all of \(X\) and the extended operator is elliptic everywhere there. If \(Y=\varnothing\), there is no collar work: take \(\widehat X=X\) and the original bundles and operator. In dimension zero there are no nonzero covectors, so no unit cotangent minimum is asserted. If the common bundle rank is zero, the unique map of the zero-dimensional fibers is invertible and the extension is vacuous; no positive smallest singular value on an empty unit fiber sphere is invented. Otherwise the positive minima above apply exactly as stated. The bundle parametrix construction Section 5 of \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates}, Section 6 of \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates} and Section 13 of \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates} gives a properly supported classical operator \[ T\in\Psi^{-m}(\widehat X;F,E),\qquad TP=I_E+R_E,\qquad PT=I_F+R_F, \tag{CD10} \] with smooth properly supported remainder kernels. We may work in a relatively compact neighborhood of \(X\); each support assertion below is localized there. Neither \(T\) nor \(P\) is assumed invertible. In particular we have not asserted that this differential extension exists elliptically on a closed double. \subsection{5. Transmission of the entire inverse symbol}\label{transmission-of-the-entire-inverse-symbol} The parametrix in (CD10), and its adjoint for the chosen smooth pairings, have ordinary transmission across \(Y\). Here is the all-order verification. Let \(p_m,p_{m-1},\ldots,p_0\) be the homogeneous polynomial pieces of the differential symbol. The local inverse starts with \(t_{-m}=p_m^{-1}\). The recursion obtained by equating homogeneous terms in \(p\#t=I\) expresses each \(t_{-m-r}\) as a finite sum of products of \(p_m^{-1}\), polynomial symbol pieces, and their base and frequency derivatives. In every product the order of the matrix factors is retained. It is rational in the frequency and homogeneous of integer degree \(-m-r\). A homogeneous rational function \(h\) of integer degree \(d\) has \(h(-\xi)=(-1)^dh(\xi)\) wherever its denominator is nonzero, and differentiating gives \[ \partial_x^\beta\partial_\xi^\alpha t_{-m-r}(y,0,-n) =(-1)^{-m-r-|\alpha|} \partial_x^\beta\partial_\xi^\alpha t_{-m-r}(y,0,n). \tag{CD11} \] This includes every normal base jet and tangential frequency jet. The same parity also follows term by term in the inverse recursion, including derivatives of \(p_m^{-1}\). Asymptotic summation leaves only smoothing ambiguity. Section 10 of \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage} now proves ordinary transmission. The product and adjoint expansions preserve (CD11): a frequency derivative lowers both degree and parity by one, base derivatives preserve both, and degrees add under ordered multiplication. Transposition and conjugation do not alter the real signs. Therefore the adjoint \(T^*\) also has ordinary transmission. The adjoint acts on the appropriate dual density bundles; identifying these through the chosen metrics introduces only smooth degree-zero factors. Consequently \(r^+Te^+\) and \(r^+T^*e^+\) map smooth sections continuously to sections smooth up to the boundary. Here \(e^+\) denotes zero extension and \(r^+\) restriction from \(\widehat X\) to \(X\). The continuity is in all smooth seminorms on fixed compact sets: the transmission proof estimates each output seminorm with finitely many input derivatives and symbol seminorms. Section 13 of \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage} also supplies all one-sided traces of boundary layers and all classical remainder orders, not merely their principal symbols. \subsection{6. A jump as a triangular distributional operator}\label{a-jump-as-a-triangular-distributional-operator} For a smooth section \(u\) in the collar, distributional differentiation gives \[ D_t e^+u=e^+D_tu+i^{-1}(\gamma_0u)\delta(t). \tag{CD12} \] For a test function this is integration by parts on \([0,\infty)\): the endpoint term in \(\partial_te^+u\) is \(+u(0)\delta\), and multiplication by \(-i=i^{-1}\) fixes the sign. Induction, applying (CD12) once more to the regular term and differentiating the already supported terms, gives \[ D_t^ae^+u=e^+D_t^au+i^{-1}\sum_{k=0}^{a-1}(\gamma_{a-1-k}u)D_t^k\delta, \qquad a\geq1. \tag{CD13} \] Write \(P=\sum_{a=0}^mP_a(t,y,D_y)D_t^a\). Define the boundary distribution operator \[ \mathcal JU=i^{-1}\sum_{l=0}^{m-1}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1-l} P_{j+l+1}(t,y,D_y)\big(U_l(y)D_t^j\delta(t)\big). \tag{CD14} \] The coefficient \(P_{j+l+1}\) in this formula acts after multiplication by the derivative of \(\delta\). Its normal-variable coefficients must not silently be replaced by boundary values: multiplication by \(D_t^j\delta\) contains the corresponding lower normal derivatives of those coefficients. Formula (CD13) proves the exact identity \[ Pe^+u=e^+(Pu)+\mathcal J\gamma u. \tag{CD15} \] The map \(\mathcal J:\mathcal D'(Y;E^m)\to\mathcal E'(\widehat X;F)\) is continuous. Indeed its pairing with a test section is a finite sum of pairings of \(U_l\) with smooth tangential differential expressions in at most \(m-1\) normal derivatives of that test section and of the coefficients. Its support is on the compact boundary. Formula (CD15) is independent of local charts because its left side and its regular term are intrinsic. It thereby identifies the patched operator (CD14) without a choice of density hidden in the normal delta. \subsection{7. A Green potential and its boundary operator}\label{a-green-potential-and-its-boundary-operator} For smooth Cauchy data define \[ KU=r^+T\mathcal JU,\qquad QU=\gamma KU. \tag{CD16} \] The potential \(KU\) is smooth up to \(Y\), by the layer form of transmission in Section 13 of \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage}. In the interior it satisfies \[ PKU=r^+R_F\mathcal JU, \tag{CD17} \] since the distribution \(\mathcal JU\) itself is supported on \(Y\). Applying \(T\) to (CD15) gives the exact Green representation \[ e^+u+R_Ee^+u=Te^+(Pu)+T\mathcal J\gamma u. \tag{CD18} \] In particular, with \(V=\gamma r^+Te^+\) and \(S=\gamma r^+R_Ee^+\), \[ \gamma u+Su=V(Pu)+Q\gamma u. \tag{CD19} \] These identities initially concern smooth \(u\). Restriction precedes every one-sided boundary trace. Unless the remainders vanish, \(K\) is a solution operator modulo a smooth error and \(Q\) is an approximate projection. Neither statement identifies the range of the full \(Q\) exactly with the traces of all global null solutions. Changing the proper two-sided parametrix changes \(T\) by a smooth kernel near the compact working set: apply the comparison identity in Section 6 of \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates}. Hence \(K\) changes by a smooth kernel from \(Y\) to \(X\), and \(Q\) changes by a smooth boundary kernel. Changing the extension outside a neighborhood of \(X\) has the same conclusion near \(Y\), by the local parametrix uniqueness. Such statements do not make the exact finite-dimensional global solution spaces independent of the extension. \subsection{8. The complete weighted matrix and its residues}\label{the-complete-weighted-matrix-and-its-residues} In collar coordinates the \((k,l)\)-entry of \(Q\) is a sum over \(0\leq j\leq m-1-l\) of the one-sided traces \[ Q_{kl}U_l=i^{-1}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1-l} \gamma_0D_t^kT P_{j+l+1}(U_lD_t^j\delta). \tag{CD20} \] The full operator before the simple layer has classical order at most \(k-m+(m-j-l-1)+j=k-l-1\). Derivatives hitting coefficients only lower the relevant homogeneous order. Transmission is preserved by composition with differential operators, either by (CD11) or by Section 11 of \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage}. The layer trace theorem raises the degree by one through normal integration. Consequently \[ Q_{kl}\in\Psi^{k-l}(Y;E|_Y,E|_Y),\qquad Q:\mathcal H_s\longrightarrow\mathcal H_s \quad\text{continuously for every }s\in\mathbb R. \tag{CD21} \] This all-real-order assertion concerns a boundary pseudodifferential matrix; it is not an assertion about the trace of arbitrary interior distributions. It follows entry by entry from the closed-manifold Sobolev theorem Section 11 of \href{geometric-microlocal-calculus.pdf}{Detecting regularity without choosing coordinates}. The same argument gives the full classical expansions with the remainder in entry \((k,l)\) lowered by every prescribed integer. A finite matrix does not lose any summability or uniformity in combining these estimates. Write the principal differential polynomial at the boundary as \(p(y,\eta,\zeta)=\sum_{a=0}^mp_a(y,\eta)\zeta^a\), for \(\eta\ne0\). Let \(\Gamma_+\) be a positively oriented contour enclosing all its determinant roots in the upper half-plane and none in the lower half-plane. The leading entry is \[ q_{kl}(y,\eta)=\frac1{2\pi i}\int_{\Gamma_+} \sum_{j=0}^{m-1-l}\zeta^{k+j} p(y,\eta,\zeta)^{-1}p_{j+l+1}(y,\eta)\,d\zeta. \tag{CD22} \] It is the sum of upper-half-plane residues of this matrix-valued rational function. The factor comes from \(i^{-1}\) in (CD14), the normal Fourier normalization \((2\pi)^{-1}\), and the contour factor \(2\pi i\). In particular the inverse symbol acts on the left of the coefficient \(p_{j+l+1}\); reversing their order generally changes the answer. For high normal powers an ordinary improper real integral in (CD22) would not converge. The formula is instead the upper contour value of the analytically subtracted integral in Section 12 of \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage} and Section 13 of \href{conormal-transmission.pdf}{Singularities along a submanifold and smooth boundary passage}. Polynomial terms at normal-frequency infinity have inverse Fourier transform supported at \(t=0\); their positive-side traces vanish and their closed contour integral vanishes. The rational proper part is evaluated by residues. This is exactly why (CD22) still applies to every \(k,l\), without a false absolute-convergence assertion. Positive rescaling \((\eta,\zeta)\mapsto(r\eta,r\zeta)\) in the contour gives \(q_{kl}(y,r\eta)=r^{k-l}q_{kl}(y,\eta)\). The contours may be chosen uniformly in a small parameter neighborhood; differentiation under their integrals proves smoothness in \((y,\eta)\), including at collisions of roots within a half-plane. The invariant principal symbol is therefore a weighted endomorphism of the Cauchy bundle. In dimension one \(Y\) is a finite set and every boundary operator has a smooth kernel; (CD22) has no nonzero tangential frequency to address. \subsection{9. Identifying the projection by a jump, without choosing roots}\label{identifying-the-projection-by-a-jump-without-choosing-roots} Fix \((y,\eta)\) with \(\eta\ne0\). Suppress these parameters and take \(U\in E_y^m\). The rational function \[ a_U(\zeta)=i^{-1}p(\zeta)^{-1} \sum_{l=0}^{m-1}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1-l}p_{j+l+1}U_l\zeta^j \tag{CD23} \] is smooth on the real axis and is \(O(|\zeta|^{-1})\) at infinity. Let \(v=\mathcal F^{-1}_{\zeta\to t}a_U\) in tempered distributions. Then \[ p(D_t)v=i^{-1}\sum_{l+j0\), contour closure in the upper half-plane expresses \(v\) as a finite sum of exponential-polynomial terms associated with upper roots. For \(t<0\), closure in the lower half-plane gives the lower-root terms. A rigorous closure first subtracts the rational partial fractions, so that each term is a power of \((\zeta-\lambda)^{-1}\); its inverse follows from the residue formula with \(e^{it\zeta}\). The possible \(\zeta^{-1}\) tail is thereby included without discarding its jump. Thus \(v=v^+\) on the positive half-line and \(v=v^-\) on the negative half-line, where \(v^\pm\in M^\pm\). This also proves the existence of all one-sided derivatives. Let \(W_k=D_t^kv^+(0)-D_t^kv^-(0)\). Applying the same differentiation calculation as (CD13) to a two-sided piecewise smooth function shows that the singular part of \(p(D_t)v\) is \(i^{-1}\sum_{l+j0\), the original map \(v(t)\mapsto v(t/c)\) has jet matrix \(J_c=\operatorname{diag}(I,c^{-1}I,\ldots,c^{-(m-1)}I)\). Thus \(q(\xi,c n)=J_cq(\xi,n)J_c^{-1}\) and \(S J_c=J_c S\). A boundary frame change on \(E_y\) acts by the same invertible frame map on every jet block and commutes with \(S_y\); the independent output frame change on \(F_y\) multiplies the equation by an invertible map and leaves its solution space unchanged. Cotangent coordinate changes are real linear, so commute with \(\eta\mapsto-\eta\). These exact maps prove the invariance of the reflection relation under all comparisons used in the frozen test. For the original positive frequency rescaling \(r>0\), retain \(D_r=\operatorname{diag}(I,rI,\ldots,r^{m-1}I)\). The original solution substitution \(v(t)\mapsto v(rt)\) and degree-\(m\) homogeneity give \(q(y,r\eta)=D_rq(y,\eta)D_r^{-1}\), including every original weight. Since \(S D_r=D_r S\), AP6 and AP7 respect this comparison as well. The unit sphere is used next only to connect covectors; no working covector or polynomial is replaced by a unit representative. \subsubsection{4. Every dimensional case and the actual boundary target}\label{every-dimensional-case-and-the-actual-boundary-target} Let \(r_y(\eta)=\dim V_y^+(\eta)\). Since \(V_y^+\oplus V_y^-=E_y^{\oplus m}\), AP5 gives \[ r_y(-\eta)=mN-r_y(\eta). \tag{AP10} \] Suppose \(\dim X=n\geq3\). The tangential real vector space has dimension \(n-1\geq2\). Use any retained positive inner product only to select paths on its sphere. For two unit vectors \(u,v\) with \(v\ne-u\), the path \(((1-s)u+sv)/\|(1-s)u+sv\|\), \(0\leq s\leq1\), is defined: a vanishing numerator would force opposite unit vectors. For \(v=-u\), choose a unit vector perpendicular to \(u\), available in dimension at least two, and concatenate the two preceding paths. Together with positive radial segments, this constructs a path between every pair of original nonzero tangential covectors. The already proved locally constant projection rank is constant along this path: its pullback to the interval is locally constant, and a locally constant integer function on an interval is constant. One proof is to take the supremum of the initial interval on which it has its starting value; local constancy at that supremum rules out an endpoint before1. Consequently \(r_y(-\eta)=r_y(\eta)\), and AP10 yields \[ 2r_y(\eta)=mN,\qquad mN\text{ is even},\qquad \operatorname{rank}q_y(\eta)=\frac{mN}{2}. \tag{AP11} \] This holds pointwise at every boundary point of an original matrix system. It does not require scalar order two, real coefficients, formal self-adjointness, a trivial bundle or simple roots. Zero rank gives the same equality with both sides zero. If the boundary is empty there is no boundary point at which to make the assertion. The original complementing map (CD9) is a bijection from \(M^+(y,\xi,n)\) to \(\bigoplus_jG_{jy}\). The Cauchy map identifies its domain with \(V_y^+\). A bijection of finite-dimensional complex vector spaces preserves dimension; therefore \[ \sum_{j=1}^{J}\operatorname{rank}G_{jy}=r_y(\eta)=mN/2\qquad(n\geq3). \tag{AP12} \] The rank condition alone is insufficient. Keep the scalar Laplacian in three dimensions, \(p(\eta,\zeta)=\zeta^2+\eta_1^2+\eta_2^2\), and take the reduced boundary operator \(B=D_{y_1}\) with target \(\mathbb C\). The stable solution is \(v(t)=a e^{-\rho t}\), \(\rho=\sqrt{\eta_1^2+\eta_2^2}>0\). Its boundary measurement is \(\eta_1a\). At the original nonzero covector \(\eta=(0,1)\) the map is zero, hence is neither injective nor surjective, although its domain and target both have rank1. This is an exact counterexample within the required dimension and original differential setting. If \(n=2\), the tangential sphere consists of two points. AP10 still gives their complementary ranks but a path between them in the punctured real line does not exist: any continuous path from a positive to a negative number crosses zero by the intermediate value theorem. The original order-one rank-two example \(P=D_tI-i(2I+N_0)D_y\), with \(N_0\ne0\), \(N_0^2=0\), has stable ranks2 and0 on the two rays, as its complete formula (CD35) proves. Thus no half-rank conclusion follows in this dimension. A single differential target at the point can be complementing on both rays only if its fixed rank equals both ranks, so complementing would force half rank, while ellipticity by itself does not. For \(n=1\), there is no nonzero tangential covector and no antipodal assertion. The finite-dimensional boundary problem remains the separate original problem. No parity conclusion on \(mN\) is imposed there. \subsubsection{5. An exact section for the diagram and a lower-order counterexample}\label{an-exact-section-for-the-diagram-and-a-lower-order-counterexample} For the original three-dimensional scalar Laplacian at \(\eta=(1,0)\) and \(-\eta=(-1,0)\), both normal polynomials are \(\zeta^2+1\). The full complex jet lines and matrices are \[ \begin{gathered} V^+=\mathbb C(1,i),\quad V^-=\mathbb C(1,-i),\\ q=\frac12\begin{pmatrix}1&-i\\i&1\end{pmatrix},\quad S=\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix},\quad S(I-q)S=q. \end{gathered} \tag{AP13} \] They follow by applying \(D_t\) to \(e^{-t}\) and \(e^t\) and solving the two-coordinate direct sum. The diagram uses only the real section \(U_0\in\mathbb R\), \(U_1\in i\mathbb R\), with plotted coordinates \((\operatorname{Re}U_0,\operatorname{Im}U_1)\). On that section \(S\) reverses precisely the second plotted coordinate. It displays an exact section of the complex jet spaces, not their entire real dimension or a general orthogonal-projection claim. \begin{figure} \centering \pandocbounded{\includegraphics[keepaspectratio,alt={Reflection of original complex Cauchy jets on an exact real section}]{../figures/calderon-antipodal-jets.png}} \caption{Reflection of original complex Cauchy jets on an exact real section} \end{figure} The figure shows the exact section in AP13 for the original scalar Laplacian and the two indicated covectors. The arrow identifies the original point \((1,-i)\) with its reflected point \((1,i)\); it does not depict a trajectory. The full complex jet spaces and their exact projection remain given by AP13. The principal identity is not an identity for every lower-order normal equation. A concrete full differential polynomial is \[ \begin{gathered} P=D_t^2+D_y^2+D_y+1,\qquad r(\eta)=\sqrt{\eta^2+\eta+1},\\ q_{\rm full}(\eta)=\frac12\begin{pmatrix}1&1/(i r(\eta))\\ i r(\eta)&1\end{pmatrix}. \end{gathered} \tag{AP14} \] Here \(\eta^2+\eta+1=(\eta+1/2)^2+3/4>0\), so the full frozen positive and negative solutions are \(e^{-r(\eta)t}\) and \(e^{r(\eta)t}\). Their jets prove the displayed full projection directly, with the original \(D_t\) convention and all lower-order terms retained. Its principal polynomial is the elliptic \(\zeta^2+\eta^2\), which satisfies AP6. For the full family, \(S(I-q_{\rm full}(\eta))S=q_{\rm full}(\eta)\), whereas \(r(-\eta)^2=\eta^2-\eta+1\ne r(\eta)^2\) when \(\eta\ne0\). Positivity of both square roots then gives \(q_{\rm full}(-\eta)\ne S(I-q_{\rm full}(\eta))S\). This is a counterexample for the exact full frozen normal projection; no identification with a particular global choice of the smoothing-corrected Green operator is needed or claimed. AP6 concerns the original principal weighted projection, and the full \(Q\) retains the distinct Green and smoothing arguments of Sections7--11. \subsection{10. Why the full defect has a smooth kernel}\label{why-the-full-defect-has-a-smooth-kernel} We now prove the stronger operator assertion \[ Q^2-Q\in\Psi^{-\infty}(Y;E^m,E^m). \tag{CD27} \] Vanishing of the leading symbol alone would give only one order of improvement and is insufficient. First, \(F_0= r^+R_F\mathcal J\) maps boundary distributions continuously to \(C^\infty(X;F)\) and has a smooth kernel on \(X\times Y\). In fact (CD14) differentiates the smooth kernel of \(R_F\) in its input variable a finite number of times and restricts that variable to \(Y\). Its output derivatives of every order remain smooth and bounded on the compact working set. Second, zero extension of \(KU\), initially for smooth \(U\), has a continuous distributional extension \[ \mathcal E:\mathcal D'(Y;E^m)\longrightarrow \mathcal E'(\widehat X;E),\qquad \mathcal E U=e^+KU\quad(U\text{ smooth}). \tag{CD28} \] Here and below an output cutoff equal to one near \(X\) makes the displayed compact-support convention literal. Define this extension by duality: \[ \langle\mathcal E U,\phi\rangle =\langle\mathcal JU,T^*e^+(r^+\phi)\rangle. \tag{CD29} \] The right side uses boundary derivatives through normal order \(m-1\). Their values are unambiguous. To check this explicitly, \(T^*\) has order \(-m\), so it takes the localized \(L^2\) section \(e^+r^+\phi\) into \(H^m\). After any number of tangential derivatives the result is still locally \(H^m\): commute such derivatives through \(T^*\); each commutator is again of order \(-m\), and tangential differentiation commutes with zero extension. Iterating, with compact cutoffs, proves the assertion to every tangential order. Fourier Cauchy--Schwarz in the tangential variables and the one-dimensional inequality \(H^m(\mathbb R)\subset C^{m-1}(\mathbb R)\) now give common two-sided values of every required normal derivative. The one-dimensional inequality follows directly by integrating \(|\tau|^{m-1}\widehat w(\tau)\) against the \(H^m\) weight, since its squared reciprocal tail is \(O(|\tau|^{-2})\). In addition, the adjoint transmission proved in Section 5 gives smooth one-sided restrictions, continuously in the smooth seminorms of \(\phi\). It follows that the transpose boundary expression applied to \(T^*e^+r^+\phi\) is a smooth section of the dual Cauchy bundle, continuously in \(\phi\). Pairing with any boundary distribution defines (CD29) and proves its continuity. For smooth \(U\), approximate \(r^+\phi\) by functions vanishing near \(Y\), using cutoffs depending only on \(t\). Their zero extensions converge in \(L^2\), with every tangential derivative. The preceding \(H^m\) argument makes the relevant boundary derivatives of their images under \(T^*\) converge. Ordinary distributional duality away from \(Y\) gives (CD29) for each approximation; passing to the limit gives \(\langle e^+KU,\phi\rangle\), proving (CD28). No multiplication of an arbitrary distribution by the discontinuous indicator of \(X\) was used. The map \(\gamma r^+R_E\mathcal E\) has a smooth kernel on \(Y\times Y\). This can be proved directly, without interpreting weak continuity as smoothing: insert each smooth input-variable kernel section of \(R_E\) into (CD29). It depends smoothly on the output point with all derivatives; the continuous adjoint-transmission map in (CD29) makes its resulting boundary section jointly smooth. Differentiating this section proves the smooth-kernel assertion. Similarly \(\gamma r^+Te^+F_0\) has a smooth kernel: for each boundary input point its \(F_0\)-kernel section is smooth on \(X\), smoothly depending on that point, and the smooth transmission map \(\gamma r^+Te^+\) preserves this dependence. Apply (CD19) to \(u=KU\), for smooth \(U\). By (CD16) and (CD17) it gives \[ QU+\gamma r^+R_E\mathcal E U =\gamma r^+Te^+F_0U+Q^2U. \tag{CD30} \] Thus \(Q^2-Q=\gamma r^+R_E\mathcal E-\gamma r^+Te^+F_0\), a difference of the two smooth kernels just proved. Smooth boundary functions are distributionally dense by chartwise convolution and partition, and every operator in the identity is continuous on distributions. Therefore the identity and (CD27) hold on all boundary distributions. The argument proves smoothing at every order, with the actual remainder kernels from (CD10), and never assumes (CD27) in order to define \(\mathcal E\). \subsection{11. The positive trace of an interior particular solution}\label{the-positive-trace-of-an-interior-particular-solution} The particular-solution trace obeys the useful gain \[ QV:\bar H^0(X^\circ;F)\longrightarrow C^\infty(Y;E^m) \quad\text{continuously},\qquad V=\gamma r^+Te^+. \tag{CD31} \] The factor here is \(Q\), with the inward convention of (CD12). For smooth \(f\), let \(u=r^+Te^+f\), smooth by transmission. Then \(Pu=f+r^+R_Fe^+f\), while \(\gamma u=Vf\). Insert these into (CD19) and cancel \(\gamma u=Vf\). The exact remaining identity is \[ QVf=\gamma r^+R_Ee^+r^+Te^+f -\gamma r^+Te^+r^+R_Fe^+f. \tag{CD32} \] Each term is continuously smooth for \(f\in L^2\). For the first, zero extension is bounded in \(L^2\), the local order \(-m\) theorem gives \(Te^+f\in H^m\), restriction and then zero extension are bounded in \(L^2\), and \(R_E\) is smoothing. For the second, \(R_F e^+\) is continuously smooth on a neighborhood of \(X\), so its restriction, followed by the smooth transmission map of \(T\) and the boundary trace, is smooth. The bounds apply to every output derivative. Also \(V:L^2\to\mathcal H_m\) is continuous by the same \(H^m\) estimate and (CD3), so the left side of (CD32) is already well-defined for \(L^2\) inputs by (CD21). Smooth approximation in \(L^2\) extends the equality and proves (CD31). This derivation keeps both parametrix remainders and does not require an invertible extension. \subsection{12. What the boundary reduction actually says}\label{what-the-boundary-reduction-actually-says} For a smooth solution of \(Pu=f\), set \(U=\gamma u\). With \(\mathcal B=(\mathcal B_{jk})\) from (CD6), the exact boundary identities are \[ U=\psi+QU,\qquad \mathcal BU=g,\qquad \psi=Vf-Su. \tag{CD33} \] The term \(Su\) is smoothing in the interior unknown, whereas \(Vf\) is fixed by the forcing. Thus the first equation determines the nonpositive-mode component of the Cauchy vector, modulo a smoothing term. The trace of the forcing has \(QVf\) smooth by Section 11; \(QSu\) is also smooth, since pseudodifferential operators preserve smooth sections. In particular \(Q\psi\) is smoothing in \((f,u)\), quantitatively for \(f,u\in L^2\). This explains the compatibility among the apparent \(mN\) Cauchy equations: at the symbol level \((I-q)U\) is prescribed and the remaining data lie in \(\operatorname{ran}q\). For every \(s\geq m\), (CD33) has the spaces \[ U\in\mathcal H_s,\quad f\in\bar H^{s-m},\quad g_j\in H^{s-m_j-1/2}(Y;G_j),\quad \mathcal B:\mathcal H_s\to\bigoplus_jH^{s-m_j-1/2}(Y;G_j). \tag{CD34} \] The particular trace \(Vf\) has this regularity when \(f=Pu\) with \(u\in\bar H^s\), by (CD19): both \(U\) and \(QU\) lie in \(\mathcal H_s\), and \(Su\) is smooth. Independently \(V\) on arbitrary \(\bar H^{s-m}\) requires the appropriate truncated-operator mapping theorem for that scale; it is not deduced from the unrestricted zero extension \(e^+:\bar H^{s-m}\to H^{s-m}\), which can fail. The exact \(L^2\) statement needed above has already been proved. The adjoining boundary Fredholm unit establishes the further mapping and projected inverse statements. Conversely, simply choosing \(U\) satisfying a version of (CD33) with the smoothing term omitted is not an exact existence proof for the original differential problem. The remainders (CD17)--(CD19) must be corrected or included in a Fredholm argument. This lesson supplies the full Cauchy construction and the compatible weighted symbol, and leaves that general solvability obligation to its separate proof. \subsection{13. Four calculations that expose different constraints}\label{four-calculations-that-expose-different-constraints} \textbf{A first-order system with a changing stable rank.} On a two-dimensional collar consider \(P=D_tI-iAD_y\), where \(A=2I+N\) on \(\mathbb C^2\), \(N\ne0\), \(N^2=0\). Its principal determinant is \((\zeta-2i\eta)^2\), nonzero for every real \((\eta,\zeta)\ne0\). The normal solution is \[ v(t)=e^{-2\eta t}(I-\eta tN)v(0). \tag{CD35} \] For \(\eta>0\) every initial vector is stable, whereas for \(\eta<0\) no nonzero initial vector is stable. Thus \(q(\eta)=I\) on the positive ray and \(q(\eta)=0\) on the negative ray. The polynomial factor retains the generalized modes. At a given boundary point a differential boundary target bundle has a single fixed rank, so it cannot be bijective from both a rank-two and a rank-zero stable space. This is a concrete failure of the local complementing test for every such choice of target rank, despite interior ellipticity. It does not assert failure of all possible nonlocal spectral boundary constructions. \textbf{A fourth-order datum projected onto two decaying rates.} Freeze \(p(\zeta)=(\zeta^2+\rho^2)(\zeta^2+9\rho^2)\), \(\rho>0\), and prescribe \(U=(0,0,1,0)\). The positive modes are \(e^{-\rho t}\) and \(e^{-3\rho t}\). Their projected combination is \[ v^+(t)=\frac{e^{-\rho t}-e^{-3\rho t}}{16\rho^2},\qquad qU=\left(0,-\frac{i}{8\rho},\frac12,\frac{13i\rho}{8}\right). \tag{CD36} \] To verify the coefficients, decompose \(U\) in the four Cauchy vectors associated with \(e^{\pm\rho t},e^{\pm3\rho t}\). Vanishing of the first and third normal jets makes the coefficients of the positive and corresponding negative exponentials equal in the direct-sum decomposition. The zeroth jet gives opposite coefficients for the two rates. The second jet then gives \(16\rho^2a=1\). Applying \(D_t=-i\partial_t\) yields exactly (CD36). The negative contribution in the direct-sum decomposition is subtracted to obtain the actual \(v^-\) in (CD25). This computation exhibits the distinct powers \(\rho^{k-2}\) in one column of the weighted projection. \textbf{A coefficient jet that survives in the jump.} Put \(P=(1+t)D_t^2+D_y^2\) near \(t=0\). Formula (CD14) gives \[ \mathcal J(U_0,U_1)=-iU_0D_t\delta+(-iU_1+U_0)\delta. \tag{CD37} \] Indeed \((1+t)D_t\delta=D_t\delta+i\delta\), as is verified by pairing with a test function. Evaluating \(1+t\) at zero before multiplying \(D_t\delta\) would delete the \(U_0\delta\) term. That term is lower in the tangential order but indispensable in the exact Green identity and the full projection defect proof. \textbf{An idempotent leading symbol is not enough.} On the circle let \(\Lambda=(1+D_y^2)^{1/2}\), defined by its Fourier multipliers, and let \(\Pi=\operatorname{diag}(1,0)\). The classical order-zero matrix \(A=\Pi+\Lambda^{-1}I\) has leading symbol \(\Pi\), but \[ A^2-A=(2\Pi-I)\Lambda^{-1}+\Lambda^{-2}I. \tag{CD38} \] Its first diagonal Fourier multiplier is \(\langle n\rangle^{-1}+\langle n\rangle^{-2}\), which does not decrease faster than every inverse power. A smooth kernel on the compact circle would have such rapid Fourier decay by integration by parts in both variables. Hence (CD38) is not smoothing. This is a generic pseudodifferential matrix, not the operator built from (CD16); it shows exactly what the Green identity contributes beyond the residue calculation. \subsection{14. Exercises with complete solutions}\label{exercises-with-complete-solutions} \textbf{1. Retain noncommuting coefficients.} For constant matrices \(A,B,C\), with \(A\) invertible, take \(p(\zeta)=A\zeta^2+B\zeta+C\). Write the jump distribution and the four leading projection entries, leaving the contour unevaluated. \textbf{Solution.} The jump is \(-i[AU_0D_t\delta+(AU_1+BU_0)\delta]\). Formula (CD22) gives the contour integral of the block matrix \[ \begin{pmatrix} p^{-1}(B+\zeta A)&p^{-1}A\\ \zeta p^{-1}(B+\zeta A)&\zeta p^{-1}A \end{pmatrix} \tag{CD39} \] divided by \(2\pi i\). Each block is an ordered product. In particular \(p^{-1}B\) cannot in general be replaced by \(Bp^{-1}\): multiplying their difference on the left and right by \(p\) gives the commutator \(Bp-pB\), which can be nonzero. For a tangential principal polynomial \(A\) has degree zero, \(B\) degree one and \(C\) degree two, so the entries after normal integration have degrees \(0,-1,1,0\), respectively. \textbf{2. Check the jet rescaling.} Define \(D_r=\operatorname{diag}(1,r,\ldots,r^{m-1})\). Show how \(q(y,r\eta)\) is recovered from \(q(y,\eta)\), and explain why this does not change its rank. \textbf{Solution.} The \((k,l)\)-entry of \(D_rq(y,\eta)D_r^{-1}\) is \(r^{k-l}q_{kl}(y,\eta)\), equal to \(q_{kl}(y,r\eta)\) by (CD22). Thus the two projections are conjugate by an invertible matrix. Their images and kernels have the same dimensions. The unweighted Euclidean norm of their entries can grow with \(r\); that growth is absorbed by the Sobolev weights in (CD2), rather than contradicting projection rank invariance. \textbf{3. Locate the trace threshold.} Explain why the proof of (CD3) cannot be continued to \(r=k+1/2\), and construct bounded \(H^{k+1/2}\) functions whose \(k\)-th normal traces grow. \textbf{Solution.} The reciprocal-weight integral has tail \(\int_1^R\tau^{-1}d\tau=\log R\). Take a fixed smooth tangential Fourier factor \(\varphi(\eta)\) supported where \(|\eta|<1\), and set \(\widehat w_R(\eta,\tau)=\varphi(\eta)(\log R)^{-1/2}\tau^{-k-1}\chi_R(\tau)\), where \(\chi_R\) is a smooth cutoff supported in \([1,2R]\), equal to one on \([2,R]\), with uniformly scaled endpoints. The squared \(H^{k+1/2}\) norm is bounded by a constant times \((\log R)^{-1}\int_1^{2R}\tau^{-1}d\tau\), hence uniformly bounded. Its \(k\)-th trace has tangential Fourier transform a constant multiple of \(\varphi(\eta)\sqrt{\log R}\), up to a bounded relative error tending to zero. Its \(H^0\) norm therefore grows. Each \(w_R\) is smooth by its compact smooth Fourier support. This disproves a bounded trace into the predicted endpoint target; it does not contradict traces on a solution subspace with additional elliptic information. \textbf{4. High tangential order is permitted.} For an order-two elliptic equation take the reduced boundary operator \(B=D_y^7D_t\). State its target on \(\bar H^2\), and compare it with \(D_t^8\). \textbf{Solution.} The total order is eight and the normal order is one. The trace \(\gamma_1u\) is in \(H^{1/2}\), so seven tangential derivatives give \(Bu\in H^{-13/2}\). This is the target \(H^{2-8-1/2}\) in (CD7). The expression \(D_t^8u|_Y\) is not an ordinary trace for a general \(H^2\) section. Normal division uses the equation to replace it by a reduced operator and a boundary differential expression in the forcing. The latter expression is meaningful for smooth forcing, but it is not automatically defined for arbitrary \(L^2\) forcing. \textbf{5. Separate the two halves of complementing.} For the frozen polynomial \(\zeta^2+\rho^2\), \(\rho>0\), measure both \(v(0)\) and \(D_tv(0)\) with target \(\mathbb C^2\). Is the resulting boundary map complementing? \textbf{Solution.} Every stable solution is \(v(t)=a e^{-\rho t}\), and its two measurements are \((a,i\rho a)\). This map is injective, but its range is the one-dimensional line with second coordinate \(i\rho\) times the first. It is not surjective onto \(\mathbb C^2\), so it is not complementing. With only the first measurement and target \(\mathbb C\) it is bijective. This frozen calculation is a test of principal boundary data; a global solvability theorem still requires its analytic argument. \textbf{6. Determine the negative-side sign.} If \(U\) is the Cauchy vector of a negative stable solution \(w^-\), what are the two functions obtained from (CD23)? \textbf{Solution.} Equation (CD26) gives \(qU=0\). Hence \(\gamma v^+=0\), so ODE uniqueness gives \(v^+=0\). The jump equation then reads \(-\gamma v^-=U=\gamma w^-\), and uniqueness gives \(v^-=-w^-\). The minus sign is forced by the convention ``positive trace minus negative trace'' in (CD25). Replacing it by \(+w^-\) would reverse the source term in (CD24). \textbf{7. Perturb the parametrix by a smooth kernel.} Let \(T'=T+L\), where \(L\) has a properly supported smooth kernel. Show explicitly that the corresponding \(Q'\) differs from \(Q\) by a smooth kernel, while an exact identity \(Q'=Q\) need not hold. \textbf{Solution.} The difference is \(\gamma r^+L\mathcal J\). In a local expression (CD14), integration against the derivative of \(\delta\) differentiates the input-variable kernel of \(L\), including the coefficient factors, and restricts it to \(Y\). Tangential derivatives from \(P_a\) do the same in the tangential input variables. The final \(\gamma\) takes finitely many output normal derivatives and restricts the output to \(Y\). Thus all resulting entries are smooth on \(Y\times Y\). They need not vanish: choosing a separated kernel \(L(x,z)=a(x)b(z)^*\) with a nonzero relevant input boundary jet and a nonzero output boundary jet generally gives a nonzero finite-rank difference. The principal projection is unchanged, but the full approximate projection has changed. \textbf{8. Recover every jump from the top coefficient.} Suppose a piecewise normal ODE solution has singular forcing equal to (CD24). Prove that matching only the highest derivative of \(\delta\) and the invertibility of \(p_m\) starts a complete recovery of all \(m\) jumps. \textbf{Solution.} At derivative order \(m-1-r\), the coefficient of the difference between the actual forcing and (CD24), multiplied by \(i\), is \(p_m(W_r-U_r)+\sum_{l