# Ordinary multipliers and predual compactness

*Written by GPT-6.1 Sol (OpenAI), Ultra. Course exposition: CC0-1.0 to the extent of rights held. Earlier programme and human-source notices retain their own terms.*

Ordinary convergence gives a multiplier algebra that works for every free ultrafilter simultaneously. Its small-vector test must control both adjoints. Its predual counterpart is relative weak compactness of quadratic functional orbits; it does not assert preservation of every weakly-null sequence of functionals.

Let \(M\ne0\) have a faithful normal state \(\varphi\). No factor or separable-predual hypothesis is imposed. Put
\[
\|x\|_\varphi=\varphi(x^*x)^{1/2},\qquad
\|x\|_\#=\left(\frac{\varphi(x^*x)+\varphi(xx^*)}{2}\right)^{1/2}.
\tag{1}
\]
The latter gives strong* convergence on bounded sets. We use the predual weak compactness theorem: a set \(K\subset M_*\) is relatively weakly compact precisely when it is norm bounded and there is \(\rho\in M_*^+\) such that, for every \(\varepsilon>0\), some \(\delta>0\) makes
\[
\|x\|\le1,\quad \rho(x^*x+xx^*)<\delta
\ \Longrightarrow\
\sup_{\psi\in K}|\psi(x)|<\varepsilon.
\tag{2}
\]
The complete criterion is proved in [PC00–PC08](../components/predual-compactness-from-uniform-control.md#pc00). Positive envelopes are constructed from normal vector coefficients; Baire and projection cuts give one controller, and a Hahn–Banach graph extension proves normality of the weak* closure. PC08 supplies the exact faithful-state bounded strong* test. The classical compactness method is credited to Akemann below.

## 1. The ordinary ideal and its multiplier test

Define
\[
I_\infty=\{(z_n)\in\ell^\infty(\mathbb N,M):\|z_n\|_\#\to0\},
\qquad
N_\infty=\{a:aI_\infty\subset I_\infty,\ I_\infty a\subset I_\infty\}.
\tag{3}
\]
The bounded strong* description makes \(I_\infty\) independent of \(\varphi\). It is a norm-closed self-adjoint algebra, and \(N_\infty\) is a unital \(C^*\)-algebra with \(I_\infty\) as a closed two-sided ideal. The coordinate central projections supported at one index identify it with the abstract multiplier algebra of \(I_\infty\), exactly as in the [ultrafilter proof](multiplier-ultraproducts-and-normal-embeddings.md#proposition-1-1). The proof uses coordinate support identities, rather than a supposed norm approximate identity of finite-coordinate projections.

Here is the complete ordinary-algebra argument. Products and adjoints of uniformly bounded strong*-null sequences remain strong*-null: apply the products and their adjoints to each fixed vector, using the common operator bounds. A uniform-norm limit of null sequences is null by the triangle inequality. Thus \(I_\infty\) is a closed self-adjoint algebra. If \(a,b\) normalize it on both sides, then so do \(a+b\), \(ab\) and \(a^*\); for the adjoint use \((a^*z)^*=z^*a\) and \((za^*)^*=az^*\). Uniform-norm limits preserve these conditions because the ideal is closed. This proves that \(N_\infty\) is a unital \(C^*\)-algebra and that \(I_\infty\) is its two-sided ideal. The identity is the constant identity sequence; every other constant operator also normalizes the null algebra by bounded strong* continuity of its two multiplication maps.

For clarity, let \(e_n\) be the sequence equal to one only in coordinate \(n\). It belongs to \(I_\infty\), is central there, and \(e_nI_\infty\) is a copy of the unital algebra \(M\). For a double centralizer \((L,R)\) of \(I_\infty\), its module identities give
\[
L(e_n)=e_nL(e_n),\qquad R(e_n)=R(e_n)e_n.
\]
The mixed identity gives \(e_nL(e_n)=R(e_n)e_n\). Thus these are the same supported sequence, with a coordinate \(a_n\) bounded by the multiplier norm. For every \(z\in I_\infty\), the identities with \(e_n\) give \((Lz)_n=a_nz_n\) and \((Rz)_n=z_na_n\). Consequently \(a\) normalizes the ideal and recovers both centralizers. Conversely a normalizing bounded sequence gives those centralizers. Their norms are at most \(\sup_n\|a_n\|\), and testing the unit \(e_n\) in each coordinate gives the reverse bound. The correspondence is an isometric *-isomorphism. It requires no norm convergence of finite sums of the \(e_n\).

**Theorem 1.1.** A bounded sequence \(a=(a_n)\) belongs to \(N_\infty\) if and only if, for every \(\varepsilon>0\), there are \(\delta>0\) and \(N\) such that
\[
n\ge N,\quad\|x\|\le1,\quad\|x\|_\#<\delta
\ \Longrightarrow\
\|a_nx\|_\#+\|xa_n\|_\#<\varepsilon.
\tag{4}
\]
Equivalently one may test the two nonautomatic one-sided seminorms
\[
\|xa_n\|_\varphi+\|xa_n^*\|_\varphi<\varepsilon.
\tag{5}
\]
Each condition can also be made uniform over all \(n\), by shrinking \(\delta\) for the finitely many initial operators.

**Proof.** The symmetric test directly makes both products with a bounded strong*-null sequence vanish; rescale it to a contraction sequence. Conversely, if (4) fails, choose \(\varepsilon>0\), increasing indices \(n_j\), and contractions \(x_j\) with \(\|x_j\|_\#<1/j\) but
\[
\|a_{n_j}x_j\|_\#+\|x_ja_{n_j}\|_\#\ge\varepsilon.
\tag{6}
\]
Use \(z_{n_j}=x_j\) and \(z_n=0\) elsewhere. Then \(z\in I_\infty\), whereas at least one of its two product seminorms fails to tend to zero. This contradicts the multiplier property.

For the equivalence with (5), let \(C=\sup_n\|a_n\|\). The estimates
\[
\|a_nx\|_\varphi\le C\|x\|_\varphi,\qquad
\|a_n^*x\|_\varphi\le C\|x\|_\varphi
\tag{7}
\]
are automatic. The remaining square seminorms of the two products are \(\|xa_n\|_\varphi\) and, after replacing \(x\) by \(x^*\), \(\|xa_n^*\|_\varphi\). Thus (5), (7) and the symmetric formula give (4) after adjusting constants. The converse follows by applying (4) to \(a\) and its adjoint. Adjoint sequences are multipliers because (3) is self-adjoint.

The constants in the adjoint comparison can be chosen uniformly. Suppose (5) is smaller than \(\eta\), both for \(x\) and for \(x^*\), whenever \(\|x\|_\#<d\). The two automatic bounds and these two tests give
\[
\|a_nx\|_\#+\|xa_n\|_\#
\le 2C\|x\|_\#+\sqrt2\eta.
\]
Given a desired \(\varepsilon\), take \(\eta=\varepsilon/(4\sqrt2)\) and then shrink \(d\) to at most \(\varepsilon/(8\max(1,C))\). This makes the last bound less than \(\varepsilon\). Conversely, apply the symmetric test to \(x\) and \(x^*\): each of \(\|xa_n\|_\varphi\) and \(\|xa_n^*\|_\varphi\) is bounded by \(\sqrt2\) times one of those output symmetric seminorms. This proves the equivalence with all adjoint directions explicitly.

Finally each fixed multiplication map preserves bounded strong* convergence, so for the finite initial set one can take a common positive modulus. Its minimum with the tail modulus works for all indices. \(\square\)

**Corollary 1.2.** A bounded sequence lies in \(N_\infty\) if and only if it lies in \(N_\omega\) for every free ultrafilter \(\omega\).

**Proof.** A uniform tail modulus in (4) is an ultrafilter modulus for every \(\omega\), proving one implication. If ordinary membership fails, use the witness sequence in (6) and a free ultrafilter containing \(\{n_j:j\ge1\}\). The same null sequence is in \(I_\omega\), while its product-seminorm sum has ultralimit at least \(\varepsilon\). Thus \(a\notin N_\omega\) for that filter. \(\square\)

## 2. A faithful-state version of predual compactness

**Lemma 2.1.** Under the faithful-state hypothesis, (2) is equivalent to norm boundedness of \(K\) and the test
\[
\forall\varepsilon>0\ \exists\delta>0:\quad
\|x\|\le1,\ \|x\|_\#<\delta
\ \Longrightarrow\ \sup_{\psi\in K}|\psi(x)|<\varepsilon.
\tag{8}
\]

**Proof.** If (8) holds, use \(\rho=\varphi\) in (2), with the factor two in (1). Conversely take the controlling \(\rho\) from (2). On the unit ball, a small \(\varphi\)-symmetric seminorm makes \(\rho(x^*x+xx^*)\) uniformly small: otherwise there would be a contraction sequence with its first seminorm tending to zero and the second bounded away from zero. That contradicts the faithful-state characterization of bounded strong* convergence. The resulting modulus gives (8). \(\square\)

Here “relatively weakly compact” means that the weak closure is compact in \(\sigma(M_*,M)\). A union need not itself be closed or compact.

For \(a=(a_n)\), define the normal functional maps
\[
F_n(\psi)(x)=\psi(a_n^*xa_n),\qquad
G_n(\psi)(x)=\psi(a_nxa_n^*).
\tag{9}
\]
This explicit definition fixes both functional multiplication conventions.

## 3. The valid compactness characterization

**Theorem 3.1.** For a bounded sequence \(a_n\), the following are equivalent:

1. \(a\in N_\infty\).
2. Both sets \(\{F_n(\varphi):n\ge1\}\) and \(\{G_n(\varphi):n\ge1\}\) are relatively weakly compact in \(M_*\).
3. For every relatively weakly compact \(K\subset M_*\), both
\(\bigcup_nF_n(K)\) and \(\bigcup_nG_n(K)\) are relatively weakly compact.

It is enough in the last condition to test weakly compact \(K\).

**Proof of 1 implies 3.** Write \(C=\sup_n\|a_n\|\). If \(C=0\), the orbit unions consist of zero and the assertions are immediate. Assume \(C>0\). The multiplier criterion for \(a\) and \(a^*\) makes
\[
x\longmapsto a_n^*xa_n,\qquad x\longmapsto a_nxa_n^*
\tag{10}
\]
uniformly strong*-continuous at zero on the unit ball. To check the first, first make \(xa_n\) small with the common multiplier modulus, and then multiply on the left by \(a_n^*\), using its common modulus after rescaling the intermediate norm bound. The second is identical. Finite initial maps were included in Theorem 1.1.

Uniformity in this composition concerns the same small input for all indices. To make the first quadratic output small, choose a common positive modulus for left multiplication by \(a_n^*\) on contraction inputs. Divide \(xa_n\) by \(D=\max(1,C)\), so the intermediate input has norm at most one. Then use the common right-multiplication modulus to make its symmetric seminorm smaller than that first chosen modulus. The final bound is multiplied only by the fixed \(D\). Use \(a_n\) and \(xa_n^*\) for the second map. Every threshold is chosen before the index \(n\); no pointwise continuity in \(n\) is substituted for this common modulus.

For \(K\), Lemma 2.1 gives a common small symmetric-seminorm test making every \(\psi\in K\) small. The operators in (10) have norm at most \(C^2\); rescale that test and compose its modulus with the preceding uniform continuity. This yields (8) for each orbit union in condition 3. Both unions are bounded by \(C^2\sup_{\psi\in K}\|\psi\|\). Lemma 2.1 proves their relative weak compactness.

**Proof of 3 implies 2.** Use \(K=\{\varphi\}\).

**Proof of 2 implies 1.** Lemma 2.1 makes both positive orbit families uniformly small on contractions of small symmetric seminorm. For a contraction \(x\),
\[
\|x^*x\|_\#^2=\varphi((x^*x)^2)
\le\varphi(x^*x)\le2\|x\|_\#^2.
\tag{11}
\]
Apply the common functional test to \(x^*x\). By (9),
\[
\begin{aligned}
\|xa_n\|_\varphi^2&=F_n(\varphi)(x^*x),\\
\|xa_n^*\|_\varphi^2&=G_n(\varphi)(x^*x).
\end{aligned}
\tag{12}
\]
Both are uniformly small when \(\|x\|_\#\) is small. This gives (5) and hence membership.

Finally, testing compact \(K\) suffices because the weak closure of a relatively compact set is compact and contains that set. \(\square\)

The normality of the transformed functionals in (9) also follows directly from the full coefficient-series predual: left and right multiplication by a fixed bounded operator carry each normal vector coefficient to another one, with its coefficient norm sum multiplied by at most \(\|a_n\|^2\). Positivity of \(F_n(\varphi),G_n(\varphi)\) follows by testing positive operators. In the implication from condition 2, their uniform smallness applied to the positive contraction \(x^*x\) therefore bounds both nonnegative quantities in (12); taking square roots gives precisely the two right-adjoint tests. The boundedness condition needed for Lemma 2.1 is automatic from \(\|F_n\|,\|G_n\|\le C^2\).

The two positive orbit families encode the two adjoint directions that a nontracial multiplier requires. The last condition transfers relative compactness of a set of functionals, rather than specifying the limit of an individually moving functional.

## 4. A scalar test that omits the adjoint

In \(M=B(\ell^2(\mathbb N_0))\), use the basis \(\xi_j\), \(p_j=|\xi_j\rangle\langle\xi_j|\), and
\[
\varphi(x)=\sum_{j\ge0}\lambda_j\langle\xi_j,x\xi_j\rangle,
\qquad \lambda_j=2^{-j-1}.
\tag{13}
\]
Let \(a_n=|\xi_0\rangle\langle\xi_n|\). For any contraction \(x\),
\[
\|a_nx\|_\varphi\le\|x\|_\varphi\le\sqrt2\|x\|_\#,
\qquad
\|xa_n\|_\varphi=\sqrt{\lambda_n}\|x\xi_0\|\le\sqrt{\lambda_n}.
\tag{14}
\]
Thus the test \(\|a_nx\|_\varphi+\|xa_n\|_\varphi<\varepsilon\), with small \(\|x\|_\#\) and large \(n\), holds. But \(p_n\to0\) strong*, whereas
\[
a_np_n=a_n,\qquad
\|a_n\|_\#^2=(\lambda_n+\lambda_0)/2\ge1/4.
\tag{15}
\]
So \(a\notin N_\infty\). The omitted adjoint direction is essential. The symmetric test (4), or the two right-multiplication tests (5), retains both required adjoint directions.

The example's state is faithful and normal for explicit reasons. Its summable positive vector series has value one on the identity and is normal by finite-head and bounded-tail convergence on every increasing positive net. If a positive operator has zero state value, each diagonal coefficient is zero; its positive square root then vanishes on every basis vector and hence everywhere. The projections \(p_n\) and their adjoints tend strongly to zero because every fixed \(\ell^2\) vector has coordinates tending to zero. Thus the null input in (15) is intrinsic strong*-null, independently of the displayed state formula.

## 5. Weakly-null functionals need not stay weakly null

Take the Bernoulli probability space
\[
\Omega=\{-1,1\}^{\mathbb N},\qquad
M=L^\infty(\Omega,\mu),\quad \varphi(f)=\int f\,d\mu.
\tag{16}
\]
The probability measure, coordinate independence, concrete multiplication algebra and exact L1 predual are constructed in [PC09](../components/predual-compactness-from-uniform-control.md#pc09).

Let \(r_n\) be its \(n\)-th coordinate function, \(a_n=(1+r_n)/2\), and
\(\psi_n(f)=\int r_nf\,d\mu\). The \(r_n\) are orthonormal in \(L^2\). Since every \(f\in L^\infty\) lies in \(L^2\), Bessel's inequality gives \(\psi_n(f)\to0\); thus \(\psi_n\to0\) weakly in \(M_*=L^1\).

This finite commutative algebra has a faithful normal trace. Every bounded sequence is a multiplier, because both tracial \(2\)-norm multiplication inequalities are bounded by its operator norm. In particular \(a\in N_\infty\). Nevertheless
\[
F_n(\psi_n)(1)=G_n(\psi_n)(1)
=\int r_na_n^2\,d\mu
=\frac12.
\tag{17}
\]
Neither transformed sequence is weakly null. Thus multiplier membership does not imply that every weakly null sequence of normal functionals remains weakly null under the two transformations, even in a finite commutative algebra. Theorem 3.1 asserts relative compactness, which permits nonzero weak cluster points.

In this commutative trace algebra, for a bounded sequence with bound \(C\), both multiplication seminorms satisfy \(\|a_nz_n\|_2,\|z_na_n\|_2\le C\|z_n\|_2\); the adjoint directions obey the same estimate. This proves membership for every such sequence directly. The Bernoulli \(\psi_n\) test every element of the full dual \((M_*)^*=M\), by the exact \(L^1\) predual proved in PC09, so they are Banach-weakly null. Their union with zero is weakly compact: an open cover has one member containing zero and hence all sufficiently late terms, leaving only finitely many uncovered terms. Theorem 3.1 therefore supplies relative compactness of the full orbit unions and of their diagonal subsets, and PC02 supplies weakly convergent subsequences. The fixed value \(1/2\) at the identity rules out zero as any such diagonal weak limit.

The orbit union in the compactness criterion also needs its weak closure. For \(M=\mathbb C\), \(a_n=1/n\) and \(K=\{\varphi\}\), the orbit is
\[
\{\varphi/n^2:n\ge1\}.
\tag{18}
\]
It omits its weak limit zero, so is not weakly compact. Its closure is compact. Thus even the valid compactness equivalence requires **relatively** weakly compact orbit unions, or their weak closures.

## 6. Exercises with complete solutions

**Exercise 1.** Show that the ordinary null algebra has the same coordinate multiplier identification as the ultrafilter null algebra.

*Solution.* Each one-coordinate projection belongs to \(I_\infty\), is central there, and has a unital coordinate algebra \(M\). For an abstract multiplier \(m\), its products with that projection agree and define a bounded coordinate \(a_n\). Coordinates of \(mz,zm\) are \(a_nz_n,z_na_n\), so the multiplier is exactly a relative normalizer sequence. Coordinate tests and the product norm bounds give the isometric identification.

**Exercise 2.** Why does the witness in (6) give an ordinary null sequence?

*Solution.* The nonzero entries occur at increasing \(n_j\), and their seminorms are less than \(1/j\). Every sufficiently large coordinate is either zero or belongs to a sufficiently high witness index. Hence its seminorm tends ordinarily to zero. The uniform lower product bound persists at those witness coordinates.

**Exercise 3.** Identify the automatic and nonautomatic seminorms of \(a_nz_n,z_na_n\).

*Solution.* The first seminorm of \(a_nz_n\) is bounded by \(C\|z_n\|_\varphi\). The adjoint seminorm of \(z_na_n\) is bounded by \(C\|z_n^*\|_\varphi\). The remaining two are \(\|z_na_n\|_\varphi\) and \(\|z_n^*a_n^*\|_\varphi\), requiring right multiplication by both \(a_n\) and \(a_n^*\).

**Exercise 4.** Prove the all-free-ultrafilters criterion when ordinary membership fails.

*Solution.* Choose the witness subsequence from (6) and a free ultrafilter containing its index set. The same input sequence is null along that filter, whereas the product-seminorm sum stays at least \(\varepsilon\) on its large set. Thus at least one multiplier condition fails for that filter.

**Exercise 5.** Why can the controlling normal functional in (2) be replaced by \(\varphi\) on bounded inputs?

*Solution.* If no such modulus existed, choose contractions with symmetric \(\varphi\)-seminorm tending to zero but the desired controlling seminorm bounded away from zero. The faithful-state criterion makes those contractions strong*-null, which makes every fixed normal positive seminorm tend to zero. This contradiction gives the common modulus.

**Exercise 6.** Check the positive-square estimate (11).

*Solution.* For a contraction \(x\), \(0\le x^*x\le1\), hence \((x^*x)^2\le x^*x\). The operator \(x^*x\) is self-adjoint, so its symmetric seminorm squared is \(\varphi((x^*x)^2)\). Formula (1) bounds \(\varphi(x^*x)\) by \(2\|x\|_\#^2\).

**Exercise 7.** Explain why compactness of the two state orbits suffices for all weakly compact \(K\).

*Solution.* The state orbit test gives both right-multiplication moduli through (12), hence the full multiplier condition. Its composition controls the quadratic operator maps (10) uniformly on bounded small inputs. Every relatively compact \(K\) has its common functional modulus by Lemma 2.1. Composing these moduli proves relative compactness of both full orbit unions.

**Exercise 8.** Compute the lower bound in the missing-adjoint example.

*Solution.* Here \(a_n^*a_n=p_n\) and \(a_na_n^*=p_0\). Their state values are \(\lambda_n,\lambda_0=1/2\); averaging gives (15), with lower bound \(1/4\). Meanwhile \(\|p_n\|_\#^2=\lambda_n\to0\), so multiplication truly fails on a bounded strong*-null sequence.

**Exercise 9.** Verify weak convergence of the Bernoulli functionals against every element of \(M\).

*Solution.* Bessel's inequality gives \(\sum_n|\int r_nf\,d\mu|^2\le\|f\|_2^2\) for each \(f\in L^2\). Thus each coefficient tends to zero. Every \(L^\infty\) function is in \(L^2\) because \(\mu\) is a probability measure. These are all the test elements of \((M_*)^*=M\), so the convergence is the full Banach weak convergence.

**Exercise 10.** Compute the transformed Bernoulli functional at \(1\).

*Solution.* Since \(r_n^2=1\), \(a_n^2=a_n=(1+r_n)/2\). Therefore \(r_na_n=(r_n+1)/2\). Integrating gives \(1/2\), since \(\int r_n=0\). This is the nonzero value in (17).

**Exercise 11.** Why does the orbit in (18) fail to be weakly compact?

*Solution.* In the one-dimensional predual, weak and norm topologies agree. The sequence \(\varphi/n^2\) converges to zero, which is absent from the orbit. A compact set in a Hausdorff space is closed, so that orbit cannot be compact. Its closure, obtained by adjoining zero, is compact.

**Exercise 12.** What is the valid conclusion for a weakly-null sequence \(\psi_n\) under multiplier membership?

*Solution.* The set \(\{\psi_n:n\ge1\}\cup\{0\}\) is weakly compact. Theorem 3.1 makes both full transformed orbit unions relatively weakly compact, hence also the two diagonal sequences \(F_n(\psi_n),G_n(\psi_n)\). It supplies weakly convergent subsequences. It does not force their limits to be zero; (17) prevents that conclusion.

## References

C. A. Akemann, [*The dual space of an operator algebra*](https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1967-126-02/S0002-9947-1967-0206732-8/S0002-9947-1967-0206732-8.pdf), *Transactions of the American Mathematical Society* 126 (1967), 286–302, Theorem II.3 and Lemmas II.3a–II.3c, printed pp.289–291 (PDF pp.4–6). The Baire and projection-cutting method constructs a positive controller; the primary proof refers its converse to an earlier criterion. [PC00–PC09](../components/predual-compactness-from-uniform-control.md) supply positive vector envelopes, the complete faithful-corner metric, the weak-compactness subsequence argument, a direct graph-extension converse and the Bernoulli measure with its exact normal L1 predual.

Adrian Ocneanu, [*Actions of discrete amenable groups on factors*](https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/110062/1/WRAP_Theses_Ocneanu_1982.pdf), Section 5.1, printed p.47 (PDF p.61), states the ultrafilter multiplier criterion for separable preduals. The ordinary tail criterion and its all-free-ultrafilters consequence are proved here without a factor or separable-predual assumption. The two positive quadratic orbits encode both adjoint directions. The rank-one, Bernoulli and scalar models establish the exact adjoint, weak-limit and relative-compactness boundaries.